Horses have held a central place in art history as one of the oldest and most powerful symbols of human civilization. They have represented strength and freedom while also serving as essential elements in depictions of war, power, mythology, and everyday life. Beyond being an aesthetic form, the image of the horse has functioned as a strong visual language carrying cultural and political meanings. The earliest representations of horses appear in prehistoric cave paintings. In

One of the most powerful narrative constructions attributed to Francesco Hayez, a leading figure of 19th-century Italian Romanticism, The Revenge Triptych (Trittico della Vendetta) explores the theme of revenge through dramatic, psychological, and political dimensions. The triptych format—recalling medieval and Renaissance altarpieces—appropriates a traditionally sacred structure and fills it with a secular tragedy, creating a distinctly Romantic tension. I. Panel: The Insult

Vincent van Gogh’s Ladies of Arles (1888) stands as an important example of the artist’s most productive and transformative period in the south of France. The painting is not merely a depiction of two women; it is also a powerful reflection of Van Gogh’s experiments with color, emotion, and the modern understanding of portraiture. The Arles Period: Discovering Light and Color Van Gogh moved to Arles in February 1888 after leaving Paris. His aim was to find a place where he co

Landscape painting is a genre in which nature itself becomes the primary subject of the artwork. However, this understanding emerged relatively late in art history. In antiquity, representations of nature did exist; Roman villa frescoes, for example, often depicted gardens, mountains, and architectural vistas. Yet these scenes typically served as backgrounds for mythological narratives or architectural illusions rather than as independent subjects. For centuries, landscape fu